Dredging Operations and

Environmental Research

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

MP-SED

A MicroPlastic Database for SEDiments


What is MP-Sed?

MP-Sed is a database that contains MP concentrations, sizes, shapes and polymer data for sediments across the globe. The goal of this database was to compile data from peer-reviewed literature to inform anthropogenic background concentrations in dredged sediment; however, the information housed in this database has broader applications for the research community. See Calomeni et al. 2023 for more information.

mpID Continent Subdivison Country System Waterbody Zone Area Tidal Zone Test Area Sample Time Sediment Sample Method Sediment Depth (cm) Extract Sediment Wt Extract Method Extract Chemical Extract Oxidizer No. of Extracts Inspection mp range (µm) mp/kg dw MP Unit Dominant Shapes Dominant Size Colors Polymers N MP Stat Notes Data Obtained From Abbrev. Reference DOI
mpID Continent Subdivison Country System Waterbody Zone Area Tidal Zone Test Area Sample Time Sediment Sample Method Sediment Depth (cm) Extract Sediment Wt Extract Method Extract Chemical Extract Oxidizer No. of Extracts Inspection mp range (µm) mp/kg dw MP Unit Dominant Shapes Dominant Size Colors Polymers N MP Stat Notes Data Obtained From Abbrev. Reference DOI

Suggested Citation Format for Database
Data downloaded for use should be credited as follows: MP-SED: A MicroPlastic Databased for SEDiments. (Year). Environmental Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center. Retrieved (Month, day, Year) from https://doer.el.erdc.dren.mil/.


Accompanying Journal Article
Wilkens, J. L., Calomeni-Eck, A. J., Boyda, J., Kennedy, A., and McQueen, A. D. (2024). Microplastic in Dredged Sediments: From Databases to Strategic Responses. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 112(5), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-024-03878-x

Database Summary Graphs
What is a microplastic?

There are multiple definitions for microplastics or MPs that generally capture sizes ranging from 1 µm to 20 µm as the lower size limit to 500 µm to 5,000 µm as the upper size limit. Nanoplastic is a term that characterizes even smaller plastics with 0.001 µm (1 nm) as the lower size limit and 0.1 µm (100 nm) to 1 µm (1,000 nm) as the upper limit.


Graphic showing the relative size of Bacteria = 1-10µm and Human hair = 100µm. A colored strip shows the size of a nanoplastic (dark orange to light orange) ranging from 0.001-0.1µm vs. a microplastic ranging from light blue to medium blue to light blue in the range from 1-100µm. Below is the scale labeled from 1nm or 0.001µm up to 100µm. THe scale is exponential.
A series of eight square microscopic images of nanoplastics that look like small irregular bits on the slide with a pale greenish background and blue, green or clear shreds of plastic or threads of plastic in view.
Why are microplastics in sediment?

Sediments are the ultimate repository for many contaminants and solid particulate matter (natural and anthropogenic). Scientists consider sediments to have a high potential for plastic contamination. Plastic particles may enter lake and riverine sediments from municipal wastewater treatment plants (e.g. MP beads, washing of clothes made from synthetic fibers), and road (e.g. tire ware), agricultural (e.g. plastic coated agrochemicals) and stormwater (e.g. artificial turn and rubber running tracks) runoff. Plastics may enter nearshore/estuarine sediments through transport from riverine environments and beach litter. Subtidal marine sediments may experience plastic contamination from nearshore environments as well as marine sources (e.g. plastic netting). Plastics within the environment may degrade into MPs or could be initially present as MPs.

Other microplastic resources:

ToMex - A data repository for microplastic toxicity developed by the Southern California Coastal Water Research Project. Access the database: https://microplastics.sccwrp.org/

Thornton Hampton L., M. P. et al. (2022). A living tool for the continued exploration of microplastic toxicity. Microplastics and Nanoplastics. DOI: 10.1186/s43591-022-00032-4.

NCEI Marine Microplastics – a database repository for microplastics in marine settings by National Centers for Environmental Information, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
Access the database: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/microplastics

Hannah Ritchie and Max Roser (2018). Plastic Pollution. Published online at OurWorldInData.org. Retrieved from: https://ourworldindata.org/plastic-pollution [Online Resource]

DOER Projects:

Guidance for Communicating Risks of Microplastics and Nanoplastics in Dredged Sediments

Microplastics in Dredged Material

Data Field Definitions
Field Description
Abbrev. Reference An abbreviation of the reference citation is provided.
Colors Most common colors reported.
Continent Continents, usually considered to be seven: Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Europe, North America, Australia (Oceania), and South America.
Country A distinct and self-governing geographical and political entity with defined borders and sovereignty over its territory.
Data Obtained From Refers to how the data were obtained (e.g., from table or text - table/text; from a graph - interpolate graph) and to the specific table, graph, or page number the data were obtained from as well as sample identifier (e.g., Table 2, S2-Cox).
DOI Digital Object Identifier (DOI) is a unique alphanumeric string assigned to the scientific paper or academic publication, to provide a permanent and stable link to that document on the internet. Clicking on this should use the browser search feature to find the article.
Dominant Shape Refers to the most frequently encountered microplastic shape in the sample (i.e., fiber - fbr, film - flm, foam - fm, fragment - frgmnt, sphere - sphr).
Dominant Size Refers to the most frequently encountered microplastic size (e.g., <1 mm, <2 mm).
Extract Chemical Refers to the density separation solution (e.g., zinc chloride) and density (e.g., 1.5 g/ml).
Extract Method Refers to the major steps in the microplastic extraction process (e.g., 1-sieved, 2-density separated, 3-oxidized).
Extract Oxidizer Refers to the oxidizer used to remove organics from plastics and aid in identification. Example oxidizers include hydrogen peroxide or Fenton's reagent. If no oxidizer was used this will be blank or (none).
Extract Sediment Wt Refers to the weight of sediment used for microplastic extraction and whether the sediments was dry or wet (e.g., 50 g dry).
Inspection If spectroscopy was used to confirm plastic identity the method is displayed here (e.g., Raman, FTIR, Visual Inspection Only)
mp range (µm) Refers to either the size range of microplastics detected or targeted or to the method specific limits of detection.
MP Stat Refers to the descriptive statistic used for the microplastic quantity.
MP Unit Number of microplastics per kilogram of sediment dry weight
mp/kg dw Refers to the number of microplastics extracted from a sample and normalized to kilogram of sediment dry weight.
mpID Identification number automatically generated by the database.
N Refers to the number of samples analyzed for MP Stat.
No. of Extracts Refers to the number of times the extraction method was performed for each sample (e.g., one-time 1x, 2x, 3x, etc.).
Notes The note is used to provide additional information about any entry.
Polymers Most common polymers reported.
Sample Time Refers to the year, month, (e.g., September, October) and/or season (Fall, Spring) in which the sediment sample was collected.
Sediment Depth (cm) Refers to the depth range (e.g., 0-15 cm) collected from the uppermost layers of sediment or from layers within a core (e.g., 15-20 cm) collected from sediment below the surface of a body of water.
Sediment Sample Method Method used to collect sediment sample beneath the surface of a body of water.
Subdivision Refers to a lower-level administrative or geographical unit within a country. Common types include States, Provinces or Districts.
System Refers to higher level of organization from water body, adopting terms such as Marine, Estuarine, Riverine, Great Lakes, Lakes.
Test Area Refers to a specific geographic region or location that is selected for in-depth examination, research, analysis, or investigation. It is a defined space where authors focused their efforts to collect data. (e.g., a bay inside of a larger water body).
Tidal zone Refers to areas within a waterbody using terms such as subtidal, harbor, and port.
Waterbody A term used to describe any significant body of water, such as a river, lake, ocean, sea, pond, or any other substantial collection of water.
Zone Area Refers to areas within a waterbody using terms such as coastal, bottom, floodplain, nearshore, littoral, tributary, dredge prism.
Meet the Project Development Team
References:

Abidli S, Toumi H, Lahbib Y, Menif NTE. (2017). The first evaluation of microplastics in sediments from the complex lagoon-channel of Bizerte (Northern Tunisia). Water Air Soil Pollut 228:262. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-017-3439-9

Alomar C, Estarellas F, Deudero S. (2016). Microplastics in the Mediterranean Sea: Deposition in coastal shallow sediments, spatial variation and preferential grain size. Mar Environ Res 115:1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.01.005

Bakir A, Doran D, Silburn B, Russell J, Archer-Rand S, Barry J, Maes T, Limpenny C, Mason C, Barber J, Nicolaus EEM. (2023). A spatial and temporal assessment of microplastics in seafloor sediments: A case study for the UK. Front Mar Sci 9:1093815. https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.1093815

Baldwin AK, Spanjer AR, Rosen MR, Thom T. (2020). Microplastics in Lake Mead National Recreation Area, USA: Occurrence and biological uptake. PLoS One 15:e0228896. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0228896

Ballent A, Corcoran PL, Madden O, Helm PA, Longstaffe FJ. (2016). Sources and sinks of microplastics in Canadian Lake Ontario nearshore, tributary and beach sediments. Mar Pollut Bull 110:383-395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.06.037

Bauerlein PS, Erich MW, van Loon WMGM, Mintenig SM, Koelmans AA. (2023). A monitoring and data analysis method for microplastics in marine sediments. Mar Environ Res 183:105804. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2022.105804

Belontz SL, Corcoran PL, de Haan-Ward J, Helm PA, Marvin C. (2022). Factors driving the spatial distribution of microplastics in nearshore and offshore sediment of Lake Huron, North America. Mar Pollut Bull 179:113709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113709

Calomeni A, Wilkens J, Boyda J, Kennedy A, McQueen A. (2023). Microplastic and nanoplastic risks in dredged sediments: From databases to strategic responses. Proceedings of the Western Dredging Association Dredging Summit & Expo ‘23, Las Vegas, NV, USA, July 17-20, 2023.

Cashman MA, Langknecht T, El Khatib D, Burgess RM, Boving TB, Robinson S, Ho KT. (2022). Quantification of microplastics in sediments from Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island USA using a novel isolation and extraction method. Mar Pollut Bull 174:113254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113254

Castaneda RA, Avlijas S, Simard MA, Ricciardi A. (2014). Microplastic pollution in St. Lawrence River sediments. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 71:1767-1771. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2014-0281

Chen M, Du M, Jin A, Chen S, Dasgupta S, Li J, Xu H, Ta K, Peng X. (2020). Forty-year pollution history of microplastics in the largest marginal sea of the western Pacific. Geochem Perspect Lett 13:42-47. https://dx.doi.org/10.7185/geochemlet.2012

Christensen ND, Wisinger CE, Maynard LA, Chauhan N, Schubert JT, Czuba JA, Barone JR. (2020). Transport and characterization of microplastics in inland waterways. J Water Process Eng 38:101640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2020.101640

Claessens M, De Meester S, Van Landuyt L, De Clerck K, Janssen CR. (2011). Occurrence and distribution of microplastics in marine sediments along the Belgian coast. Mar Pollut Bull 62:2199-2204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.06.030

Constant M, Alary C, De Waele I, Dumoulin D, Breton N, Billon G. (2021). To what extent can micro- and macroplastics be trapped in sedimentary particles? A case study investigating dredged sediments. Environ Sci Tech 55:5898-5905. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c08386

Corcoran PL, Belontz SL, Ryan K, Walzak MJ. (2020). Factors controlling the distribution of microplastic particles in benthic sediment of the Thames River, Canada. Environ Sci Technol 54:818-825. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b04896

Corcoran PL, Norris T, Ceccanese T, Walzak MJ, Helm PA, Marvin CH. (2015). Hidden plastics of Lake Ontario, Canada and their potential preservation in the sediment record. Environ Pollut 204:17-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2015.04.009

Crew A, Gregory-Eaves I, Ricciardi A. (2020). Distribution, abundance, and diversity of microplastics in the upper St. Lawrence River. Environ Pollut 260:113994. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.113994

Culligan N, Liu KB, Ribble K, Ryu J, Dietz M. (2022). Sedimentary records of microplastic pollution from coastal Louisiana and their environmental implications. J Coast Conserv 26:1. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11852-021-00847-y

Dean BY, Corcoran PL, Helm PA. (2018). Factors influencing microplastic abundances in nearshore, tributary and beach sediments along the Ontario shoreline of Lake Erie. J Great Lakes Res 44:1002-1009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2018.07.014

Deng H, Wei R, Luo WY, Hu LL, Li BW, Di YN, Shi HH. (2020). Microplastic pollution in water and sediment in a textile industrial area. Environ Pollut 258:113658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113658

Dikareva N, Simon KS. (2019). Microplastic pollution in streams spanning an urbanisation gradient. Environ Pollut 250:292-299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.03.105

Eppehimer DE, Hamdhani H, Hollien KD, Nemec ZC, Lee LN, Quanrud DM, Bogan MT. (2021). Impacts of baseflow and flooding on microplastic pollution in an effluent-dependent arid land river in the USA. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28:45375-45389. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13724-w

Felismino MEL, Helm PA, Rochman CM. (2021). Microplastic and other anthropogenic microparticles in water and sediments of Lake Simcoe. J Great Lakes Res 47:180-189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2020.10.007

Graca B, Szewc K, Zakrzewska D, Dolega A, Szczerbowska-Boruchowska M. (2017). Sources and fate of microplastics in marine and beach sediments of the Southern Baltic Sea-a preliminary study. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24:7650-7661. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-8419-5

Graham ER, Thompson JT. (2009). Deposit- and suspension-feeding sea cucumbers (Echinodermata) ingest plastic fragments. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 368:22-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2008.09.007

Guerranti C, Cannas S, Scopetani C, Fastelli P, Cincinelli A, Renzi M. (2017). Plastic litter in aquatic environments of Maremma Regional Park (Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy): Contribution by the Ombrone river and levels in marine sediments. Mar Pollut Bull 117:366-370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.02.021

Gurjar UR, Xavier KAM, Shukla SP, Takar S, Jaiswar AK, Deshmukhe G, Nayak BB. (2023). Seasonal distribution and abundance of microplastics in the coastal sediments of north eastern Arabian Sea. Mar Pollut Bull 187:114545. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114545

Haave M, Lorenz C, Primpke S, Gerdts G. (2019). Different stories told by small and large microplastics in sediment - first report of microplastic concentrations in an urban recipient in Norway. Mar Pollut Bull 141:501-513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.02.015

Haque MR, Ali MM, Ahmed W, Siddique MA, Akbor MA, Islam MS, Rahman MM. (2023). Assessment of microplastics pollution in aquatic species (fish, crab, and snail), water, and sediment from the Buriganga River, Bangladesh: An ecological risk appraisals. Sci Total Environ 857:159344. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159344

Horton AA, Svendsen C, Williams RJ, Spurgeon DJ, Lahive E. (2017). Large microplastic particles in sediments of tributaries of the River Thames, UK-Abundance, sources and methods for effective quantification. Mar Pollut Bull 114:218-226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.09.004

Hurley R, Woodward J, Rothwell JJ. (2018). Microplastic contamination of river beds significantly reduced by catchment-wide flooding. Nat Geosci 11:251-257. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0080-1

Ji X, Ma Y, Zeng G, Xu X, Mei K, Wang Z, Chen Z, Dahlgren R, Zhang M, Shang X. (2021). Transport and fate of microplastics from riverine sediment dredge piles: Implications for disposal. J Hazard Mater 404, Part A:124132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124132

Kallenbach EMF, Friberg N, Lusher A, Jacobsen D, Hurley RR. (2022). Anthropogenically impacted lake catchments in Denmark reveal low microplastic pollution. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29:47726-47739. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19001-8

Kiss T, Forian S, Szatmari G, Sipos G. (2021). Spatial distribution of microplastics in the fluvial sediments of a transboundary river-A case study of the Tisza River in Central Europe. Sci Total Environ 785:147306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147306

Klein S, Worch E, Knepper TP. (2015). Occurrence and spatial distribution of microplastics in river shore sediments of the Rhine-Main area in Germany. Environ Sci Tech 49:6070-6076. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b00492

Kor K, Ghazilou A, Ershadifar H. (2020). Microplastic pollution in the littoral sediments of the northern part of the Oman Sea. Mar Pollut Bull 155:111166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111166

Laermanns H, Reifferscheid G, Kruse J, Foeldi C, Dierkes G, Schaefer D, Scherer C, Bogner C, Stock F. (2021). Microplastic in water and sediments at the confluence of the Elbe and Mulde Rivers in Germany. Front Environ Sci 9:794895. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2021.794895

Leads RR, Weinstein JE. (2019). Occurrence of tire wear particles and other microplastics within the tributaries of the Charleston Harbor Estuary, South Carolina, USA. Mar Pollut Bull 145:569-582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.06.061

Lenaker PL, Baldwin AK, Corsi SR, Mason SA, Reneau PC, Scott JW. (2019). Vertical distribution of microplastics in the water column and surficial sediment from the Milwaukee River basin to Lake Michigan. Environ Sci Technol 53:12227-12237. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b03850

Leslie HA, Brandsma SH, Van Velzen MJM, Vethaak AD. (2017). Microplastics en route: Field measurements in the Dutch river delta and Amsterdam canals, wastewater treatment plants, North Sea sediments and biota. Environ Int 101:133-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2017.01.018

Li X, Yu QG, Li B, Wang H, Zhang YF, Liu HH, Xie XY. (2023). Long-term deposition records of microplastics in a plateau lake under the influence of multiple natural and anthropogenic factors. Sci Total Environ 856:159071. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159071

Matsuguma Y, Takada H, Kumata H, Kanke H, Sakurai S, Suzuki T, Itoh M, Okazaki Y, Boonyatumanond R, Zakaria MP, Weerts S, Newman B. (2017). Microplastics in sediment cores from Asia and Africa as indicators of temporal trends in plastic pollution. Arch Environ Con Tox 73:230-239. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-017-0414-9

McEachern K, Alegria H, Kalagher AL, Hansen C, Morrison S, Hastings D. (2019). Microplastics in Tampa Bay, Florida: Abundance and variability in estuarine waters and sediments. Mar Pollut Bull 148:97-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.07.068

Nel HA, Dalu T, Wasserman RJ. (2018). Sinks and sources: Assessing microplastic abundance in river sediment and deposit feeders in an Austral temperate urban river system. Sci Total Environ 612:950-956. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.298

Niu L, Li Y, Li Y, Hu Q, Wang C, Hu J, Zhang W, Wang L, Zhang C, Zhang H. (2021). New insights into the vertical distribution and microbial degradation of microplastics in urban river sediments. Water Res 188:116449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2020.116449

Peng G, Zhu B, Yang D, Su L, Shi H, Li D. (2017). Microplastics in sediments of the Changjiang Estuary, China. Environ Pollut 225:283-290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.12.064

Peng G, Xu P, Zhu B, Bai M, Li D. (2018). Microplastics in freshwater river sediments in Shanghai, China: A case study of risk assessment in mega-cities. Environ Pollut 234:448-456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.11.034

Preston-Whyte F, Silburn B, Meakins B, Bakir A, Pillay K, Worship M, Paruk S, Mdazuka Y, Mooi G, Harmer R, Doran D, Tooley F, Maes T. (2021). Meso- and microplastics monitoring in harbour environments: A case study for the Port of Durban, South Africa. Mar Pollut Bull 163:111948. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111948

Sekudewicz I, Dabrowska AM, Syczewski MD. (2021). Microplastic pollution in surface water and sediments in the urban section of the Vistula River (Poland). Sci Total Environ 762:143111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143111

Shen JC, Gu X, Liu R, Feng HY, Li DP, Liu Y, Jiang XF, Qin G, An SQ, Li N, Leng X. (2023). Damming has changed the migration process of microplastics and increased the pollution risk in the reservoirs in the Shaying River Basin. J Hazard Mater 443:130067. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130067

Simon-Sánchez L, Grelaud M, Lorenz C, Orellana JG, Vianello A, Liu F, Vollertsen J, Ziveri P. (2022). Can a sediment core reveal the plastic age? Microplastic preservation in a coastal sedimentary record. Environ Sci Tech 56:16780-16788. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c04264

Su L, Sharp SM, Pettigrove VJ, Craig NJ, Nan BX, Du FN, Shi HH. (2020). Superimposed microplastic pollution in a coastal metropolis. Water Res 168:115140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.115140

Su L, Xue Y, Li L, Yang D, Kolandhasamy P, Li D, Shi H. (2016). Microplastics in Taihu Lake, China. Environ Pollut 216:711-719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.06.036

Talley TS, Venuti N, Whelan R. (2020). Natural history matters: Plastics in estuarine fish and sediments at the mouth of an urban watershed. PLoS One 15:e0229777. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229777

Tang GW, Liu MY, Zhou Q, He HX, Chen K, Zhang HB, Hu JH, Huang QH, Luo YM, Ke HW, Chen B, Xu XR, Cai MG. (2018). Microplastics and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Xiamen coastal areas: Implications for anthropogenic impacts. Sci Total Environ 634:811-820. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.336

Thompson RC, Olsen Y, Mitchell RP, Davis A, Rowland SJ, John AWG, McGonigle D, Russell AE. (2004). Lost at Sea: Where is all the plastic? Science 304:838. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1094559

Tibbetts J, Krause S, Lynch I, Smith GHS. (2018). Abundance, distribution, and drivers of microplastic contamination in urban river environments. Water 10:1597. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10111597

Tsang YY, Mak CW, Liebich C, Lam SW, Sze ETP, Chan KM. (2017). Microplastic pollution in the marine waters and sediments of Hong Kong. Mar Pollut Bull 115:20-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.11.003

Turner S, Horton AA, Rose NL, Hall C. (2019). A temporal sediment record of microplastics in an urban lake, London, UK. J Paleolimn 61:449-462. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10933-019-00071-7

Vaughan R, Turner SD, Rose NL. (2017). Microplastics in the sediments of a UK urban lake. Environ Pollut 229:10-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.05.057

Vermaire JC, Pomeroy C, Herczegh SM, Haggart O, Murphy M. (2017). Microplastic abundance and distribution in the open water and sediment of the Ottawa River, Canada, and its tributaries. Facets 2:301-314. https://doi.org/10.1139/facets-2016-0070

Vianello A, Boldrin A, Guerriero P, Moschino V, Rella R, Sturaro A, Da Ros L. (2013). Microplastic particles in sediments of Lagoon of Venice, Italy: First observations on occurrence, spatial patterns and identification. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 130:54-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2013.03.022

Wang J, Peng J, Tan Z, Gao Y, Zhan Z, Chen Q, Cai L. (2017). Microplastics in the surface sediments from the Beijiang River littoral zone: Composition, abundance, surface textures and interaction with heavy metals. Chemosphere 171:248-258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.12.074

Wang Y, Zou XQ, Peng C, Qiao SQ, Wang T, Yu WW, Khokiattiwong OA, Kornkanitnan NRM. (2020). Occurrence and distribution of microplastics in surface sediments from the Gulf of Thailand. Mar Pollut Bull 152:110916. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.110916

Wang ZF, Su BB, Xu XQ, Di D, Huang H, Mei K, Dahlgren RA, Zhang MH, Shang X. (2018). Preferential accumulation of small (<300 mu m) microplastics in the sediments of a coastal plain river network in eastern China. Water Res 144:393-401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.07.050

Watkins L, McGrattan S, Sullivan PJ, Walter MT. (2019). The effect of dams on river transport of microplastic pollution. Sci Total Environ 664:834-840. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.028

Welsh B, Aherne J, Paterson AM, Yao HX, McConnell C. (2022). Spatiotemporal variability of microplastics in Muskoka-Haliburton headwater lakes, Ontario, Canada. Environ Earth Sci 81:551. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-022-10670-9

Wilkens JL, McQueen AD, LeMonte JJ, Suedel BC. (2020). Initial survey of microplastics in bottom sediments from United States waterways. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol, 104:15-20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-019-02762-3

Xu QJ, Xing RL, Sun MD, Gao YY, An LH. (2020). Microplastics in sediments from an interconnected river-estuary region. Sci Total Environ 729:139025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139025

Yi Y, Kong L, Wang X, Li Y, Cheng J, Han J, Chen H, Zhang N. (2023). Distribution and characteristics of microplastics in sediment at representative dredged material ocean dumping sites, China. Mar Pollut Bull 193:115201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115201

Zhao XL, Liu ZH, Cai L, Han JQ. (2023). Occurrence and distribution of microplastics in surface sediments of a typical river with a highly eroded catchment, a case of the Yan River, a tributary of the Yellow River. Sci Total Environ 863:160932. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160932

Zheng Y, Li J, Cao W, Jiang F, Zhao C, Ding H, Wang M, Gao F, Sun C. (2020). Vertical distribution of microplastics in bay sediment reflecting effects of sedimentation dynamics and anthropogenic activities. Mar Pollut Bull 152:110885. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.110885

Zhu XP, Ran W, Teng J, Zhang C, Zhang WJ, Hou CW, Zhao JM, Qi XT, Wang Q. (2021). Microplastic Pollution in Nearshore Sediment from the Bohai Sea Coastline. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 107:665-670. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-020-02866-1

Zobkov M, Esiukova E. (2017). Microplastics in Baltic bottom sediments: Quantification procedures and first results. Mar Pollut Bull 114:724-732. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.10.060

➤

Last updated on 2/27/2024.